Mayroon ring tinatawag na Ganap Na Pagpapahalaga (Absolute Moral Values). Ito ay pangkalahatang katotohanan na tinatanggap ng tao bilang mabuti at mahalaga.
Ang Birtud naman ay tinatawag sa Ingles na “Virtue”. Ang salitang Birtud ay galing sa salitang virtus (vir) o ang pagiging malakas at matatag.
Mayroon tayong magkapareho na kilos-loob ngunit iba-iba ang taglay na virtue o Birtud. Ang Virtue ay laging nakaugnay sa pag-iisip at pagkilos ng tao at may dalawang uri:
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New questions in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Palaging sinasabi ng nanay ni Emma na anumang problema o paghihirap na naranasan nila dap bukas at sasabihin sa pamilya dahil ito ang unang makakatulo … ng. Anong katangian ang nais ipahiwatig ng nanay ni Emma? A. Pag-aruga B. Pagkainis C. Pagmamahal D. Pagtitimpi Paano pa mas mapabubuti ang komunikasyon ng mga miyembro ng isang pamilya lalo na sa panahon ngayon? A. Pag-iwas na magkaroon ng anumang pagkakamali. B. Pagiging bukas sa pagsasabi ng mga nararamdaman. C. Pangungumusta kapag hindi na abala sa mga gawain. D. Pagsasawalang kibo upang maiwasan ang pag-aaway. Si Ivryl ay nagsasabi sa kanyang kuya sa lahat ng kanyang mga hinaing sa buhay dahil palagi ito nakikinig sa kanya at nagbibigay sa kanya ng mga payo. Anong katangian ang ipinakita ng dalawa magkakapatid? A. Kawalan ng bukas na komunikasyon B. Bukas na komunikasyon C. Komunikasyon D. Pagmamahal Si Mina ay palaging tinitipon ang kanilang natitirang pagkain at ibinibigay niya ito sa kanyang kaibiga na nakatira ang pamilya sa gilid ng simbahan. Ang ipinakita ni Mina na gawain ay - A. Pagpapahalaga sa kanyang imahe. B. Pagmamahal at pagpapahalaga sa kapwa C. Pagpapakita ng matatag na pananampalataya. D. Paghubog sa kaalaman ng pag-aalaga sa kapwa D. Nakikita ni Miguel tuwing umaga ang kanyang kaklaseng si Luigi na nagtatago sa likod ng cantee tuwing Flag Ceremony. Kung ikaw si Miguel, ano ang dapat mong gawin? A. Isusumbong ko siya sa guro. B. Sasabihin ko sa amiong mga kaklase para pagsabihan siya. C. Kakausapin ko siya at ipaalala sa kanya ang kahalagahan ng pagmamahal sa bayan. D. Kakausapin ko siya at pagsasabihan na mali ang kanynag ginagawa at isusumbong sa Guidanc Office. 1. Bakit mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng kasanayang gawi o ritwal ng pamilya? A. Nabubuklod nito ang pamilya B. Nakikita ang mga gawi ng pamilya C. Napagtitibay nito ang presensya ng pamilya D. Nakakasalamuha nito ang miyembro ng pamilya 12. Si Lea ay nagsimula ng pumasok sa paaralan. Dito ay nakilala niya ang mga taong nakaimpluwensiya sa kanyang pag-uugali at pagkatao. Sinong kapwa mo ang tinutukoy? A. Guro B. Kaibigan C. Kapatid D. Magulang 3. Alin sa mga sumusunod na gawain ang nagpapakita ng pakikipagkapwa? A. Pag-iintindi sa isang kaibigan B. Pagdidisiplina sa mga kapatid C. Paghalik sa kamay ng lolo at lola D. Pagpaparamdam ng pagmamahal sa magulang 4. Kung sa hindi inaasahang pagkakataon ay nabuntis o nakabuntis ang isang kabataang nag-aaral pa, ano ang dapat niyang gawin? Anu-ano ang mga sanhi at epekto ng Karanasan sa Paaralan at Komunidad? rason kung bakit ko gustong maging manager ano ano ang ating mga tungkulin sa kapwa? is a neutral term; one could value relaxation, competition, humor, sexual conquest, helping others, or swindling them successfully (subterfuge and personal gain). It means what it sounds like it means – a
Is something which a person holds in high regard, pursues, and even loves. Values tend to include hallmark ones such as truth, justice, humility, goodness, and kindness. In this blog, I explore the idea of
Would primarily apply to the opposite of bullying: defending one who is being bullied, standing up for what is right, trying not to hurt others – in other words,
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Other values typically described as moral values include kindness, charity, love, virtue, helpfulness, honesty, truthfulness, character, magnanimity, altruism, care, caring, solicitude, righteousness, friendliness, generosity, probity, ethicality, morality, beneficence, benevolence, compassion, and quite a few more.
One good way to determine whether a value is really a moral value (or simply something which one appreciates and is attracted to) (e.g., collecting art, travel, fine food, etc.) is to ask yourself if what you are doing or trying to do is something you would feel comfortable about someone else doing to you. This is the essence of “The Golden Rule” and of deontological ethics.
As philosopher Colin McGinn said, “are the best way of improving your moral character…is to consider particular moral questions so as to arrive at
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Further, he notes that “a good person is a truthful person: habitual deceivers are not good. And truthful not only to others but to themselves: they seek out and respect the truth for their own consumption, not fooling themselves about where the truth lies. She who loves goodness also loves truth.”
“Virtue ethics goes beyond pure duty and pure rights-based ethics. It is a direct challenge to the individual to rise above ordinary moral demands and to work toward creating a society in which it is easy for everyone to be virtuous and enjoy the good life.” She is slicing it very thin there, but it seems to me that you would want to live in a society where folks are good, helpful, and charitable
If you have an idea of a person (mythological or historical or known to you personally) who is good, virtuous, Christian-like, enviable, fair, honest, caring, respectful, humane or the like, you would do well to imitate them, or at least, occasionally ask yourself how they would act in a given situation. The once-popular idea of “What Would Jesus Do?” brilliant captures the idea of virtue ethics. In a word, a virtuous person does things that other, clearly virtuous people do in similar situations.
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“The main strength of virtue ethics is its emphasis on education and habit formation as guides and channels to good living. It optimistically views the human character as clay, which can be formed in many ways, by family and society, from cradle to grave. Even if it is deformed, it can be reformed. In this system, almost no one is beyond rehabilitation.” ~ philosopher Lou Marinoff, author of Plato, Not Prozac! “The tradition that follows Aristotle is sometimes called the tradition of ‘virtue ethics.’ It heroically tries to squeeze together what is natural for people, a life lived according to reason, a happy life, and a virtuous life. Its main device is the social nature of the self.” ~ Simon Blackburn
Advances an understanding of ethics known as virtue ethics because of its heavy reliance on the concept of virtue. The word we translate as virtue is aretê, and it could equally be translated as
In Big Think, Scotty Hendricks considers virtue ethics “a moral system you’ve never heard of but probably use.” He points out the popularity of
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, at least as famous. These systems help us decide about moral issues and dilemmas. Hendricks writes: “There are, of course, other ethical systems. Prominent among them is the idea of Virtue Ethics, the preferred ethics of Socrates, Aristotle, Confucius, Ben Franklin, Nietzsche and Martha Nussbaum. In recent years this school of thought has seen a resurgence in popularity, especially in the reinterpretation of Aristotelian thought.”
Virtue ethics differs from Deontology and Consequentialism by focusing on the character of the person rather than the details of a single action. While consequentialism is concerned with the state of the world after an action takes place, and deontology is worried about how closely rules were followed, virtue ethics asks “What does this action say about the character of the actor?” The right thing to do then, is that which demonstrates, encourages, and will habitualize the best character traits.
. This is reminiscent of what psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg pioneered decades ago. Here is a good, simple summary of Kohlberg’s work on moral values and his snazzy “Heinz Dilemma.” This is what Hendricks says Annas indicates:
Mga Uri Ng Pagpapahalaga
“In the trolley problem, they might ask ‘What would Gandhi do?’ before acting. As we grow, we begin to understand the ‘why’ of virtuous actions, and need less and less to rely on the examples of others when making decisions. Eventually, Annas suggests, we become virtuous people and understand what to do, why to do it, and how to do it ourselves; without the need for outside reference. By developing a set of
I like that description, and I wish I (and others!) did that to a much greater degree. However, as Nietzsche sardonically said, “The last Christian died on the cross.”
. Well, we can learn to imitate Jesus – or any number of other live or deceased “good” people. Simply trying, and not being a hypocrite, is a great start.
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. The Dalai Lama puts the lie to half of that, and to the other, I would offer: “Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread—or more disastrous in its effects—than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced from the belief in a god” ~ George H. Smith. It is also decidedly not the purview of the “moral majority” or other politically-Right factions and interest groups. To wit: “My moral values include peace with economic justice, a society that lives by hope and not fear, a political
